A Sustainable Evaluation Study Based on Emergy–Geographic Information System (GIS) Methodology in Hangzhou City from 2010 to 2035

Sustainability studies are vital for the long-term development of ecological cities. For cities, single qualitative or quantitative evaluation cannot effectively illustrate and sustainable status a city. This study employs emergy–geographic information system (GIS) method to conduct sustainability city, so as verify results. The emergy GIS both commonly used approaches address urban issues, but their synergistic effect has rarely been considered, explored, utilized in planning. aims investigate this on Hangzhou city through comparative analysis. results show that rain (geopotential energy) (chemical potential have highest values from 2000 2035, followed by solar emergy, wind geothermal heat emergy. These findings also supported map shows similar pattern with renewable Using five plots (cropland, woodland, grassland, water area, built-up land) examples, accuracy calculation can be verified, demonstrating effectiveness emergy–GIS methodology. research provides practical recommendations designers professionals worldwide sustainability. By incorporating methods, cities make informed decisions toward achieving environmentally development.